| | - Chapter 2
- Learning Objectives
- What is Culture?
- Sathe’s Levels of Culture
- How is Culture Learned?
- Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s Variations in Values Orientations
- Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s Variations in Values Orientations
- Relation to Nature
- Time Orientation
- Basic Human Nature
- Activity Orientation
- Relationships
- Space Orientation
- Hofstede’s Dimensions of Cultural Values
- Individualism/Collectivism
- Power Distance
- Uncertainty Avoidance
- Masculinity/Femininity
- The Chinese Value Survey
- Long-term/Short-term Orientation
- Schwartz's Value Survey
- Embeddedness Versus Autonomy
- Hierarchy Versus Egalitarianism
- Mastery Versus Harmony
- Trompenaars’ Dimensions of Culture
- Universalism Versus Particularism
- Individualism Versus Communitarianism
- Specificity Versus Diffusion
- Achieved Status Versus Ascribed Status
- Inner Direction Versus Outer Direction
- Sequential Time Versus Synchronous Time
- Hall’s High-Context and Low-Context Cultural Framework
- Ronen and Shenkar’s Country Clusters
- The World Values Survey
- Traditional Versus Secular-Rational Orientations Toward Authority
- Survival Versus Self-Expression Values
- Gannon’s Cultural Metaphors
- Brown’s Cultural Universals
- Do the Frameworks Explain Differences?
- Convergence or Divergence?
- Implications for Managers
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